What are you looking for? Let’s compare the best kaleidoscope photography reviews & comparison 2024 to find what will work well with your needs.
We all want the best for our money, but how do you know what a good fit is without research? When looking into buying something that will likely be an investment and part of your everyday life – like kaleidoscope photography, it makes sense to spend some time getting educated on where exactly this product falls within its market space.
The future of the best kaleidoscope photography is here, and we’ve got all the best picks. We have compiled 93185 reviews from top experts that led us to these 20 devices on the list.
The Best Kaleidoscope Photography Deals This Week:
- 80mm Subtle Kaleidoscope, Optical glass prism filter
- 2 Finger Handle, easily hold in front of the lens to manipulate the effect
- It can be applied to any lens
- Packing list: gift box, filter
- If you have any questions, you can contact customer service, we will reply to you as soon as possible
- 【Stunning Visual Effects】 The 77mm Handheld Kaleidoscope Filter adds a mesmerizing touch to your photography or videography. It transforms ordinary scenes into extraordinary kaleidoscopic patterns, creating unique and vibrant visuals that will captivate your audience.
- 【Easy-to-Use Design】 Designed for handheld use, this filter is lightweight and portable, allowing you to effortlessly enhance your creative projects on the go. Simply attach the 77mm filter to your camera lens, adjust the rotation, and watch as the world around you transforms into a stunning kaleidoscope of colors and shapes.
- 【High-Quality Construction】 Crafted with precision and durability in mind, this kaleidoscope filter is made from premium materials to ensure long-lasting performance. The high-quality optics deliver sharp and clear images, while the sturdy construction ensures reliable use even in demanding shooting conditions.
- 【Versatile Compatibility】The 77mm filter is compatible with a wide range of camera lenses, making it suitable for both professional photographers and hobbyists. Whether you're shooting with a DSLR, mirrorless, or compact camera, this filter allows you to unlock a world of creative possibilities.
- 【Endless Creative Possibilities】 With the 77mm Handheld Kaleidoscope Filter, your imagination is the limit. Explore and experiment with different angles, lighting conditions, and subjects to create breathtaking and otherworldly visuals. Whether you're shooting landscapes, portraits, or abstract art, this filter adds a touch of magic to your photography and takes your creativity to new heights.
- 👍👍👍[Features] A surprise prism gift as a photography accessory to create cool refraction effects in your photos. With this glass prism, you can shoot some interesting effects. In people, landscape, night scenes and other scenes, I hope you can play more unexpected tricks.
- 👍👍👍[Material] is made of high quality solid K10 optical glass material, which provides great value of clarity and transparency. Made of high quality optical glass and hardware, it is resistant to wear and tear and can provide long time use.
- 👍👍👍[Advantages] 77mm diameter mount for 77mm lenses only. This is a cool photographic tool to make your photos stand out without using any special effects or Photoshop.
- 👍👍👍[Adapter] you can connect with adapter ring to convert into lens in other diameter.Also a new way to observe the world, you can see a novel scenery, night scenes, and etc..
- 👍👍👍[You will have ....] 1* original box, 1* filter bag, 1* microfiber cleaning cloth.
- Glass Part Diameter:79mm, Large Enough For Any Lens
- Single Finger Handle, easily hold in front of the lens to manipulate the effect
- A surprise prism gift as photography accessory to create cool refraction in photos
- Made of quality optical glass and hardware, wear resistance and can provides long service time
- This is a cool tool for photography, Creates Multiple Refractions FX, make your photos unique without having to use any effects or Photoshop
- [Advantages] This is a great photography tool. Hand-held prisms are not limited by the focal length of the lens and can be used with most cameras
- [Easy to use] 2-finger handle, easy to hold in front of the lens and control the effect
- [Function] It can make photos very creative and produce multiple refraction. I hope to use more unexpected techniques in scenes such as characters, landscapes, night scenes, etc.
- [Material] Use high-quality solid optical glass material, high light transmittance, high light transmittance.
- [Boutique] Our prism filters will be fully inspected before shipment, so that every consumer can use it as soon as possible.
- 【Artistic and Imaginative Visual Effects】NEEWER 77mm handheld kaleidoscope prism lens filter bends and refracts light to create repeated yet unique elements in the scene, as well as a magical refraction effect with different angles, without using editing software to add special effects. Perfect for landscape photography, portrait shooting, abstract art creations, and so on
- 【Ergonomic 2 Finger Handle Design】 Easily hold this glass prism filter in front of your lens with the ergonomic two finger handle, freely manipulate it as you want to create stunning effects
- 【High Transparency Optical Glass 】 Made of premium optical glass, this filter transmits light with high resolution to deliver crisp clear images with cool kaleidoscope effects. Note to avoid shooting directly into bright light to prevent potential damage to CMOS sensors, lens iris, and other components due to high temperature
- 【Built to Last】 Constructed from robust optical glass and high quality aluminum alloy, this filter offers outstanding durability and wear resistance under frequent use and harsh environments
- 【Compact & Portable】 Ultra lightweight and compact for your on the go photography adventure. Includes a filter pouch for convenient storage and carrying, and a cleaning cloth for easy maintenance of this glass prism
- 【Magical Prism Effect】 The kaleidoscope prism lens filter bends and refracts light to create repeated yet unique elements in the scene, as well as a cool refraction effect with different angles, without adding special effects using editing software
- 【High Transparency】 The filter is made of solid K9 optical glass and transmits light with high resolution, thus preserving the quality and accuracy of the images even using the prism effectAvoid shooting directly into bright light or the sun to prevent potential damage to CMOS sensors, lens iris, and other components caused by high temperatures.
- 【Variable Flexibility】 This variable filter provides more flexibility and provides precise control over the exposure of your images or videos, making it easier to adjust as lighting conditions change
- 【Built to Last】 This filter is highly durable and resistant to wear under repeated use and harsh environment, thanks to the solid K9 crystal glass, the optical glass known for its durability and hardness. A filter pouch is included for easy storage and portability
- 【77mm Camera Filter】 This 77mm camera filter is compatible with 77mm lenses. Also, you can connect with an adapter ring to match it with your lens, but please verify the thread sizes before purchasing the filter
- This is a cool tool for photography, make your photos unique without having to use any effects or Photoshop.
- Each item is handmade project, stunning and unique design.
- A surprise prism gift as photography accessory to create cool refraction in photos.
- Made of high quality solid K10 Optical Glass material, provide the great value of clarity and transparency.
- Our glass filter will be fully inspected before shipment, ensuring that the glass filter in the hands of every consumer is not flawed or broken.
- Features: a surprise prism gift as a photography accessory to create cool refraction effects in your photos. With this glass prism, you can shoot some interesting effects. In people, landscape, night scenes and other scenes.
- Material: is made of high quality solid optical glass material, which provides great value of clarity and transparency. Made of high quality optical glass and hardware, it is resistant to wear and tear and can provide long time use.Our glass filter will be fully inspected before shipment, ensuring that the glass filter in the hands of every consumer is not flawed or broken.
- Advantages: 77mm diameter mount for 77mm lenses only. This is a cool photographic tool to make your photos stand out without using any special effects.
- Adapter: you can connect with adapter ring to convert into lens in other diameter.Also a new way to observe the world, you can see a novel scenery, night scenes, and etc.
- Package included: 1pc x glass prism camera filters .1pc x filter in package.1pc x microfiber dust-free cloth
- [ Product advantages] In the new era of camera filters, this Kaleidoscope Filter is a creative way to take your photos and give them a different feel
- [ Photography Assistant ] The kaleidoscope lens filter provides a unique and creative photography experience. You can create various types of photos and immerse yourself in them. By using our unique fractal kaleidoscope filter, you can gain a creative advantage in the competition
- [ Product Material ] KOGJAERS kaleidoscopes are made of optical glass, which is hard-wearing and provides bright and clear vision over a long period of time. This effect filter is perfect for creating visual illusions and is ideal for personalised photographic creations!
- [ Flexible use ] Our kaleidoscope effect filters give you multiple refractions of a single image depending on the focal length. By rotating the lens filter, you can get different effects. Recommended shooting aperture range is between 2.8 and 7.0
- [ Customer Support ] Our filters are thoroughly checked before dispatch and we endeavour to make them available to every consumer as soon as possible. The team is always ready to answer any questions you may have. If you have any questions about this product, please feel free to contact us!
- 【Stunning Visual Effects】 The 77mm Handheld Kaleidoscope Filter adds a mesmerizing touch to your photography or videography. It transforms ordinary scenes into extraordinary kaleidoscopic patterns, creating unique and vibrant visuals that will captivate your audience.
- 【Easy-to-Use Design】Designed for handheld use, this filter is lightweight and portable, turning the world around you into a stunning kaleidoscope of colors and shapes, you can easily enhance your creative projects on the go.
- 【High-Quality Construction】 Crafted with precision and durability in mind, this kaleidoscope filter is made from premium materials to ensure long-lasting performance. The high-quality optics deliver sharp and clear images, while the sturdy construction ensures reliable use even in demanding shooting conditions.
- 【Versatile Compatibility】The 77mm Handheld filter is compatible with a wide range of camera lenses, making it suitable for both professional photographers and hobbyists. Whether you're shooting with a DSLR, mirrorless, or compact camera, this filter allows you to unlock a world of creative possibilities.
- 【Endless Creative Possibilities】 With the 77mm Handheld Kaleidoscope Filter, your imagination is the limit. Explore and experiment with different angles, lighting conditions, and subjects to create breathtaking and otherworldly visuals. Whether you're shooting landscapes, portraits, or abstract art, this filter adds a touch of magic to your photography and takes your creativity to new heights.
- 【Prism Effect】The kaleidoscope filter bends and refracts light to create repeated yet unique elements in the scene, as well as a cool refraction effect with different angles, without adding special effects using editing software.
- 【High Transparency K9 Optical Glass】The filter is made of solid K9 optical glass and transmits light with high resolution, thus preserving the quality and accuracy of the images even using the prism effect.
- 【Flexible Variable Filter Frame】Variable design provides more flexibility and precise control over the exposure of your images or videos, making it easier to adjust as lighting conditions change.
- 【Effectively Prevent Stray Light】Filter frame is oxidised and sandblasted, which effectively prevents stray light from entering. With 3*microfiber cleaning cloth, harmless for camera lens and filter.
- 【Compatible Note】This kaleidoscope filter suits all 58mm lenses. Be sure to check your camera's lens thread size (usually beside a "ø" diameter symbol) before ordering.
- 77mm diameter bayonet, only fit for 77mm lens.
- Made of quality optical glass and hardware, wear resistance and can provides long service time.
- With this glass prism, you can get some interesting effects while taking a photo.
- Or you can connect with adapter ring to convert into lens in other diameter.
- Also a new way to observe the world, you can see a novel scenery, night scenes, and etc..
- ✅This kaleidoscope lens is a creative way to take your photos and give them a different feel. Kaleidoscope prism can bring a unique creative photography experience. When used with a camera, the photo will have a kaleidoscope effect.
- ✅Kaleidoscope uses K9 optical glass, which is durable and can be used for a long time. This kaleidoscope is very suitable for creating optical illusions, and is very suitable.
- ✅77mm diameter bayonet,Lenses of different sizes can be converted and linked through the adapter ring, and the effect is different under different focal lengths.
- ✅Very interesting and creative filters, I hope you can get unique photo effects.
- 🎁Gift filter bag, 20x20mm microfiber clean cloth
- Fetzer, Lewis (Author)
- English (Publication Language)
- 72 Pages - 01/14/2019 (Publication Date) - Independently published (Publisher)
- 【Prism Effect】Ideal for making real-time adjustments and creating special effects while shooting, the Handheld Half-Circle Kaleidoscope Filter is suitable for scenarios where you need to shoot handheld or track your subject.
- 【High Transparency K9 Optical Glass】The filter is made of solid K9 optical glass and transmits light with high resolution, thus preserving the quality and accuracy of the images even using the prism effect.
- 【79mm Filter】79mm glass size, can be handheld and moved in front of the lens to create different effects by adjusting the position and angle of the filters
- 【Artistic and Imaginative Visual Effects】NEEWER 77mm handheld kaleidoscope prism lens filter bends and refracts light to create repeated yet unique elements in the scene, as well as a magical refraction effect with different angles, without using editing software to add special effects. Perfect for landscape photography, portrait shooting, abstract art creations, and so on
- 【Ergonomic Handle Design】 Innovated with two short handles to assemble into one detachable handle, this glass prism filter is easy to use by holding it in front of your camera lens and freely adjusting it to your desired angle to create stunning effects. Dissemble into two short handles for easy storage
- 【Mountable with 1/4" Threaded Hole】 Rotate to remove the handle, you can attach this filter to a small tripod, selfie stick, or flexible magic arm with a 1/4" screw for increased stability, providing different options for placement and hands free mounting
- 【High Transparency Optical Glass 】 Made of premium optical glass, this filter transmits light with high resolution to deliver crisp clear images with cool kaleidoscope effects. Note to avoid shooting directly into bright light to prevent potential damage to CMOS sensors, lens iris, and other components due to high temperature
- 【Built to Last】 Constructed from robust optical glass and high quality aluminum alloy, this filter offers outstanding durability and wear resistance under frequent use and harsh environments. A filter pouch is included for convenient storage and carrying, and a cleaning cloth is included for easy maintenance of this glass prism
- 【Unique Creativity】The kaleidoscope filter is a special effect filter that uses multiple refractive elements, similar to the reflection and refraction effects inside a kaleidoscope. It can enhance photos with mysterious, fantastical, and unique play of light and shadows, making your photos more cool and interesting without post-editing.
- 【Size Note】This 58/67/72/77/82mm lens filter is compatible with 58/67/72/77/82mm lenses. Also, you can use an adapter ring to fit it to your lens, but please check the thread size, indicated by the "Ф" (diameter) symbol, before purchasing the filter.
- 【Durable & Reliable】The kaleidoscope filter is made of high premium K9 optical glass with high light transmission to maintain image clarity and precision. It will not affect the quality of images even when using it, offering you a perfect shooting experience. Furthermore, it has superior durability and hardness, allowing the filter to perform well even under repeated use and harsh conditions. It is also highly resistant to scratches for protecting your photographic equipment.
- 【Flexible Adjustment】The adjustable kaleidoscope filter design can be rotated, providing you with more flexibility in exposure adjustment and precise control. It allows you to easily adjust according to changes in lighting conditions and capture the desired effects effortlessly.
- 【Convenient Portability】 Equipped with a filter bag for easy storage and portability, allowing you to use the special effects filter anytime, anywhere to capture stunning visual works. It is an essential creative tool for photography enthusiasts and professional photographers.
- 【Half Moon Domed Kaleidoscope Glass Prism】 Rotate the semicircular kaleidoscope filter to bend and refract light to create repeated yet unique elements in the scene, as well as cool refraction effects with different angles, without adding special effects using editing software
- 【Highly Transparency】 The filter is made of solid K9 optical crystal glass and transmits light with high resolution, thus preserving the quality and accuracy of the images even using the prism effect. Avoid shooting directly into bright light or the sun to prevent potential damage to CMOS sensors, lens iris, and other components caused by high temperatures.
- 【Variable Flexibility】 This variable filter provides more flexibility and provides precise control over the exposure of your images or videos, making it easier to adjust as lighting conditions change
- 【77mm Camera Filter】 This 77mm camera filter is compatible with 77mm lenses. Also, you can connect with an adapter ring to match it with your lens, but please verify the thread sizes before purchasing the filter
- 【Take Care】 Note the unique semicircular domed kaleidoscope prism design of this filter is vulnerable, so take care to protect it from falling. Please verify the thread size ( marked on the front or side of your lens, next to a "ø"(diameter) symbol) before purchasing the filter
- Made of high quality solid K9 Optical Glass material, provide the great value of clarity and transparency, furthermore the edges are polished for safe use.
- Handfree Shooting: With a 1/4" threaded hole, so it can be mounted on a stand or tripod, precisely positioning the prism or place in front of the lens to release your hands when photoshooting.
- Professional Camera Prism Photography: Its great idea to add some creative effect in photo, film or video. Such as rainbow colors, dreamy looks, beautiful reflections or light flare which you don't even need to use Photoshop.
- Gifts for Photographers: A surprise prism gift as photography accessory to create cool refraction in photos. In addition, it can also be a gift for kids to create light rainbow effect for teaching light spectrum
- Package Included: 1 x Prism Crystal Ball; 1x microfiber cloth; The microfiber cloth can remove any fingerprints and keep the lensball clear. (Note: Outer package printed meking is randomly. Please read carefully before buying.)
How We Test Kaleidoscope Photography?
We test kaleidoscope photography by using it for a scene. Then we review the footage to see how it looks and feels. We also consider how easy or difficult it is to use kaleidoscope photography. We want to make sure that the gear we recommend is high quality and will help you make great films. So far, we’ve tested cameras, lenses, tripods, stabilizers, gimbals, audio equipment, etc. We’re always testing new gear and updating our reviews to help you find the best kaleidoscope photography for your needs.
The Role Of Technology Gear In Filmmaking
There is no definitive answer to this question. Technology has both advantages and disadvantages when it comes to filmmaking. On the one hand, technological advances have made it possible to create increasingly complex and stunning visual effects. On the other hand, technology can also be a hindrance to filmmakers, as it can be difficult to control and often expensive. Ultimately, it is up to the individual filmmaker to decide how to use technology in their work. Some directors embrace new technologies wholeheartedly, while others prefer to keep things more old-fashioned. There is no right or wrong answer – it all comes down to personal preference.
Some of the advantages of using technology in filmmaking include:
- Increased control over the final product: Technology allows filmmakers more control over their work, as they can now create exactly the effect they are looking for.
- Greater flexibility: Technology also gives filmmakers greater flexibility in shooting and editing their films. They can now experiment with different techniques and methods without worrying about the cost or the time involved.
- Improved quality: Technology has also led to an improvement in the overall quality of films. With more sophisticated equipment and software, filmmakers can now create better-looking and sounding films.
- Increased audience engagement: Technology can also help to engage audiences more with films. For example, interactive features such as virtual reality can immerse viewers in the film world and make them feel more connected to the characters and story.
Some of the disadvantages of using technology in filmmaking include:
- Cost: One of the biggest disadvantages of using technology in filmmaking is the cost. New equipment and software can be very expensive and often need to be updated regularly.
- Time-consuming: Technology can also be time-consuming, as filmmakers often need to spend hours learning how to use new software or equipment.
- Difficult to control: Another downside of technology is that it can be difficult to control. This is especially true of complex visual effects, which can often go wrong if they are not managed correctly.
- Can be disruptive: Technology can also be disruptive on set, as it can sometimes be difficult to keep track of all the elements that need to be managed.
There are a number of benefits to using kaleidoscope photography, whether it is for amateur or professional use. kaleidoscope photography will bring you some of the top benefits. Of course, it is important to remember that you don’t need the most expensive gear to produce good results – it is more important to know how to use what you have to its fullest potential. Nevertheless, if you can afford it, investing in some quality gear will definitely pay off in the long run.
Other Gears To Make Film Easy- Things Should You Know Before Purchase Kaleidoscope Photography
In addition to the indispensable tools in the filmmaking process, such as camera, light, and sound. There are a few other little gears that can be easy to forget. However, their role is also important, whether you are a novice or a professional filmmaker.
Filters are important for filmmaking because they help to control the amount of light that enters the camera. There are a number of different filters that can be used, including UV filters, polarizing filters, and neutral density filters.
Diffusion is also important for filmmaking because it softens the image and helps to create a more natural look. There are a number of different diffusion filters that can be used, including soft-light filters and fog filters.
Gaffer tape is an essential item for any filmmaker because it can be used for a variety of purposes, including taping down cables, securing equipment, and marking locations. Work gloves are also an important item for filmmakers because they help to protect your hands while you are working with equipment. A tape measure is another essential item for any filmmaker because it can be used to measure locations, set up shots, and calculate camera angles.
A multi-tool is also a handy item to have on hand for any number of tasks, including tightening screws and cutting tape. A Gaffer’s Kit is a great way to keep all of your essential filmmaking gear organized and in one place. A tool pouch is also a convenient way to keep all of your small tools and supplies organized and within easy reach.
A two-way radio headset is necessary for filmmakers who need to communicate with each other while on set. 3-4 extra batteries are also a good idea to have on hand, just in case your camera or other equipment runs out of power.
A disguise kit can be a helpful tool for filmmakers who need to change their appearance for a scene.
What Are The Criteria For The Selection Of A Kaleidoscope Photography?
There are a number of factors that we consider when selecting a kaleidoscope photography. One of the most important criteria is how well the product performs in tests, while others are selected based on how they perform in real-world scenarios. We also look at the price of the kaleidoscope photography, as well as its availability. Another important factor is whether the kaleidoscope photography is environmentally friendly. We select products that meet our high standards for quality and performance.
Testing is important to ensure that products work as intended. In order to test these products, we use a variety of methods. One method is to test the product in a simulated environment. For example, we might test a product’s ability to withstand high temperatures by using it in a sauna. We might also test its ability to resist water damage by taking it out in the rain, etc.
How To Choose The Best Kaleidoscope Photography?
When choosing the best kaleidoscope photography, it is important to look at a variety of factors. The most important criteria are how well the product performs in tests and how environmentally friendly it is. Other important factors include the price and availability of the product. Other important factors include the price and availability of the product. You should also consider whether the product is durable and easy to use. When looking at all of these factors, you can make the best decision for your needs.
- Consider feature and performance of kaleidoscope photography
- Consider about price, especially if it’s a luxury item
- Consider whether it’s readily available or needs to be special ordered
- Check out the kaleidoscope photography reviews
- Is a kaleidoscope photography necessary?
- What can you use instead of a kaleidoscope photography?
- Is the kaleidoscope photography environmentally friendly?
- Brand Repute
- Personal Preferences
- Resale
The best kaleidoscope photography for you is the one that meets your needs and fits your budget. Consider all the factors before making a decision to ensure you are getting the best product for your needs.
It’s a great idea to consider other people when buying something because it can save you money and help you avoid wasting your hard-earned cash on an item that doesn’t work. Before making any purchases, always ask yourself these questions: “What will this decision cost me?” or “How much time does this purchase need from my life”? You should also consult those close by – friends who have similar tastes as yours may provide insight into whether they would want something too.
Should You Buy Kaleidoscope Photography Online Or in A Physical Store?
There are a number of reasons you should buy kaleidoscope photography on the e-commerce market. Some of the benefits include:
-A wide selection of kaleidoscope photography to choose from
-Easy returns and refunds
-Fast, free shipping on many items
-Access to Prime memberships
-Save your time
It offers a wide selection of kaleidoscope photography, which means you can find what you’re looking for. The return process is easy, and you can get a refund if you’re unsatisfied with a product. Shipping is fast and free on many items, and you can also access Prime memberships. All of these factors make the e-commerce market a great place to shop.
When buying a product at a physical store, you can often get help from a salesperson if you have questions or need assistance. You can also see the product in person before making a purchase.
7 Tips For Buying Kaleidoscope Photography Online Safely
The holidays are just around the corner, and with them come traditional headaches on how to buy the best kaleidoscope photography. Shops filled with endless queues or a lack of time can make it difficult to find affordable ones that will be useful enough! Luckily there’s an easier way – shopping online, where you get access 24/7 without having to go out.
Do Your Research
Before you make a purchase online, be sure to do your research and read reviews to learn about the product and the seller. Only buy from reputable websites that you trust.
Use a Credit Card
When making a purchase online, use a credit card instead of a debit card. This way, you can dispute any unauthorized charges made to your card.
Beware of Fake Websites
When you are on a website you are about to purchase from, be sure to look at the URL. If it starts with https://, this means the site is secure, and your information will be encrypted.
Check the Seller’s Rating and Reviews
Before buying kaleidoscope photography, be sure to check the seller’s rating and read reviews to learn about their products and service. Only buy from sellers with high ratings and positive reviews.
Make Sure the Site Uses Encryption Technology
When purchasing online, only buy from websites that use encryption technology. This will ensure that your information is safe and secure.
Read the Terms and Conditions Before You Buy
Before making a purchase, be sure to read the terms and conditions of the website. This will help you understand the seller’s return policy and any other policies that may apply to your purchase.
Keep your Computer Protected with Anti-virus Software
Make sure to keep your computer protected with anti-virus software to help prevent any malware or viruses from infecting your system.
The convenience here is amazing because now anyone who needs something quick anytime, anywhere has easy accessibility while still being able to compare prices from different websites. You can get the best kaleidoscope photography much simpler than ever before!
Bottom Line about Kaleidoscope Photography
When you purchase kaleidoscope photography, it’s important to consider whether or not the item will actually serve its purpose. Sometimes we may think that an acquisition is necessary when really there are other options available at a lower cost, which would suffice just as well with no loss in value–reviewing these alternatives beforehand can help avoid wasting money on unnecessary purchases later down the line.
You won’t want to miss out on this! Visit us now and find the perfect kaleidoscope photography for your needs.